Posvečeno dr. Ljudmili Plesničar Gec EMONA med akvilejo in panonijo between Aquileia and Pannonia Zbrali in uredili / Edited by irena lazar & Bernarda Županek KOPER 2012 VSEBINA / CONTENTS: Irena LAZAR, Bernarda Županek predgovor 9 EMONA IN NJENA DEDIŠČINA / EMONA AND ITS HERITAGE Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek groB 1007 s kongresnega trga v ljuBljani 13 janez dirjeC, tatjana toMaZo ravnik, Mija topliČaneC, Borut toškan ZašČitna arHeološka iZkopavanja na lokaCiji sng opera (ljuBljana) 27 dénes gaBler sigillate galliCHe Meridionali ad eMona e in italia 49 josip korošeC Bronasta posoda iZ eMone o sestavinaH, ki soustvarjajo njeno kakovost 61 vesna pintariČ koCuvan Bronasti kipCi BoŽanstva s peterokrako krono – prispevek k njiHovi raZpoZnavi 77 Bojan djuriĆ tHe eMona Xiii.8 MosaiC FroM tHe late roMan period 89 tina MilaveC a glass laMp WitH Base knoB FroM eMona 97 Marjeta šašel kos dediCations to divinities FroM tHe epigrapHiC ColleCtion in tHe CitY MuseuM oF ljuBljana Milan lovenjak, andrej gaspari nagroBna stela kanCijev iZ eMonske insule Xiii 105 123 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia alenka MiškeC analYsis oF tHe Coin Finds FroM tHe graves in tHe nortHern CeMeterY oF eMona Benjamin štular ZaČetki srednjeveške ljuBljane v luČi arHeološkiH iZkopavanj na MaČkovi uliCi – visokosrednjeveška ljuBljana v luČi najnovejšiH arHeološkiH iZkopavanj 133 143 Mitja guštin riMski Zid eMone. dedišČina antike in doBer priMer aktivnega konservatorstva 157 Bernarda Županek eMona’s Heritage in tHe seCond HalF oF tHe 20tH CenturY: tHe ContriBution Made BY ljudMila plesniČar geC 169 Fedja košir edvard ravnikar in arHeološka dedišČina eMone ana plestenjak dedišČina v priMeŽu politiČniH spletk. priMer draMe na ljuBljanski trŽniCi 183 191 Boris viČiČ Med kladivoM in nakovaloM – pogled konservatorja 205 Božena dirjeC, irena siveC, Bernarda Županek ljudMila plesniČar geC, MuZealka 211 MED AKVILEJO IN PANONIJO / BETWEEN AQUILEIA AND PANNONIA Maria paola laviZZari pedraZZini la Coppa “tipo sarius” di pavia 225 Maurizio Buora una nuova “ragaZZa noriCa” da CaMporosso 235 tina Žerjal keraMiČna lanterna ali »svetleČa Hiška« iZ školariC pri spodnjiH škoFijaH Miha Mlinar, drago svoljšak, verena vidriH perko Beatriče ŽBona trkMan kopalniCo iMa: arHeološke raZiskave in preZentaCija riMske Hiše Z Mosta na soČi jana Horvat skupek keraMike iZ prve poloviCe 1. stoletja iZ navporta 6 245 257 273 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia janka isteniČ, Žiga šMit a raW glass CHunk FroM tHe viCinitY oF nauportus (vrHnika) judita luX, Milan sagadin poskus Časovne uMestitve oBjekta 2 riMske vile rustike pri MošnjaH 301 311 eleni sCHindler kaudelka la CeraMiCa a pareti sottili del MagdalensBerg 1975–1998–2011 323 Irena LAZAR Bogat stenski okras riMske predMestne vile pri Celeji 367 danilo BrešČak, Milan lovenjak riMska nagroBnika iZ štatenBerka in gorenjega karteljevega na dolenjskeM 377 phil Mason soMetHing old, soMetHing neW, soMetHing BorroWed … roManisation and tHe Creation oF identitY in earlY roMan Central and soutH-eastern slovenia 389 iva Curk poetovio v prostoru – nekaj opaŽanj in poskusov 407 polona BitenC, timotej kniFiC poZnoantiČne FiBule v podoBi ptiČev iZ slovenije 429 špela karo Zgodnjekarolinške najdBe s slovenskiH najdišČ 447 slavko CigleneČki spreMenjena podoBa poZnoantiČniH urBaniH središČ – prispevek k transForMaCiji poselitvene slike v jugovZHodnoalpskeM prostoru Matija Črešnar, dimitrij MlekuŽ, gašper rutar lasersko skeniranje površja in kulturna dedišČina – nekaj novosti o višinski poselitvi oB srednji savi Branko MušiČ arHeogeoFiZikalne raZiskave v urBaniH okoljiH – spoZnanja, teŽave in perspektiva 459 479 497 gregor poBeŽin Crudelis aMor … Crudelis tu QuoQue Mater – 515 nekaj poMislekov o Motivu »krute ljuBeZni« v latinski knjiŽevnosti SEZNAM AVTORJEV / LIST OF AUTHORS 525 7 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia tina MilaveC A GLASS LAMP WITH BASE KNOB FROM EMONA ABSTRACT In the paper three glass fragments from insula 31 in Emona and from the hilltop settlement of Ajdovščina above Rodik are discussed.1 They were identiied as bases of lamps of the late 5th and 6th century but the occupation of the sites where they were found is not supposed to have lasted longer than the mid-5th century. The author presents other possible interpretations of the fragments but believes they indicate a later and probably only temporary use of the sites. Key words: late antiquity, Emona, glass lamps, Ajdovščina above Rodik Ključne besede: pozna antika, Emona, steklene svetilke, Ajdovščina nad Rodikom 1 For the access to unpublished data i am very grateful to Bernarda Županek from the City Museum and galleries of ljubljana. 97 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia in 1981 ljudmila plesničar gec published two interesting fragments of glass vessels (igs. 1, 2) from the 1977 excavations of insula 31 in emona (plesničar gec, 1981). in the article she presented a presumed glass furnace and a glass vessels workshop in insula 31, dated by coin inds to the beginning of the 5th century. among typical late roman forms such as beakers with applied glass blobs (plesničar gec, 1981, pl. 4) and other material she also presented two less typical fragments. these are a fragment of a small conical vessel made of green glass with base knob (ig. 3) and a fragment of a conical wand and base of light greenish colour (ig. 4) (plesničar gec, 1981, pl. 5: far right). according to the excavation reports (unpublished) they were found in the destruction layers. Both pieces were published by i. lazar in her monograph on roman glass from slovenia as fragments of glass lamps from the second half of the 5th and the 6th century (her type 9.3.1.). as belonging to this lamp type she also mentioned another piece of base with a knob from the late roman hilltop settlement of ajdovščina above rodik in south-western slovenia (lazar, 2003a, 198–200, ig. 52: 9. 3. 1., ig. 5). the interesting thing about all the three pieces is their late date compared to the chronology of the sites they were found at. the roman town of emona and the settlement on ajdovščina above rodik are supposed to have ended in the middle of the 5th century at the latest (vidrih perko, 1997, 349; Ciglenečki, 1997, 192–194), which does not correspond with the chronology of the glass fragments. Because of this interesting discrepancy we shall take a closer look at the fragments, their analogies and chronology. Firstly we shall take a look at the irst fragment from emona, the conical vessel with base knob. similar published pieces can be interpreted in two different ways. the irst possibility is that this is a balsamarium of type isings 9 of which a base knob is a typical characteristic (subtype is 9b also has two small handles – ig. 6) (isings, 1957, 24–25). the second possibility is that these bases represent glass lamps. Balsamaria type isings 9 are dated to the early roman period (isings, 1957, 24–25), but they Figure 1: Glass base with knob from Emona, insula 31. After Plesničar Gec, 1981, pl. 5. Scale 1:2. Figure 2: Glass base from Emona, insula 31. After Plesničar Gec, 1981, pl. 5. Scale 1:2. Figure 3: Glass base with knob from Emona, insula 31. Photo: I. Lapajne, Photolab SRC SASA. Figure 4: Glass base from Emona, insula 31. Photo: I. Lapajne, Photolab SRC SASA. 98 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia apparently also appear later, at least in italy. they were found among the glass inds of the tabernae near the Magna Mater temple in rome (sternini, 1995, 249, ig 12: 155–157) where they are dated to the 5th century or it’s beginning. these inds doubtlessly represent balsamaria since the whole vessels with bases, rims and typical handles are preserved (subtype is 9b). some glass bases with knobs from invillino were also originally interpreted as balsamaria (Bierbrauer, 1987, 284, pl. 157: 1–5) as was the example from Monte Barro (uboldi, 1991, pl. lv: 17). as to the interpretation of the Monte Barro knobbed base the author later changed her opinion and published it again as a lamp (uboldi, 1995, ig. 4: 22). in the same publication she also mentioned the invillino pieces as lamps (uboldi, 1995, 119). the glass bases with knobs from the st. Cyprian ecclesiastial complex at gata, Croatia, were also published as balsamaria (Fadić, 1995, 220–221). in the east we ind only one example of an elongated body with almost a knob on the base in gerasa, jordan (Meyer, 1988, ig. 7: t, 194). it should be emphasised that in none of the above mentioned cases narrow rims or handles typical of balsamaria - were published with the bases. one of the arguments against the baptisterium interpretation of the emona and rodik pieces is the size of balsamaria. they are usually smaller with an elongated body and a sometimes hardly visible knob on the base. the pieces we interpret as late roman lamps are mostly a bit larger and more massive. But the size is not a very dependable argument since there are examples of wholly preserved lamps (an example from serbia: ružić, 1994, pl. Xliii: 11; height 7,8 cm, ig. 7) of almost the same size as a balsamarium (a piece from lattes, France: Foy, nenna 2001, cat. 202; height 7,5 cm, ig. 6). so when only the vessel base is preserved it is almost impossible to distinguish between a balsamarium and a lamp. it is perhaps best to rely on contexts, when known, or the characteristics of the glass which are very different between the early or late roman period and the late 5th and 6th century. among the glass material from the slovenian late roman forts of Hrušica near podkraj Figure 5: Glass lamp from Ajdivščina above Rodik. After Lazar, 2003a, ig. 52: 9.3.1. Scale 1:2. Figure 6: Glass balsamarium from Lattes, France. After Foy, Nenna, 2001, cat. 202. Scale 1:2. Figure 7: Glass lamp from Obrenovac, Serbia. After Ružić, 1994, pl. XLIII: 11. Scale 1:2. Figure 8: Glass lamp from Emona, Early Christian Centre. After Plesničar Gec, 1983, pl. 29: 4. Scale 1:2. 99 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia and Martinj hrib two small glass lasks with a biconical recipient and without a base knob were found (ulbert, 1981, pl. 49: 44; leben, šubic, 1991, pl. 17: 292). they are quite similar and could be compared to the second fragment from emona (igs. 2, 4) but the emona piece is less conical in shape. the second possible interpretation of the fragments in question is a lamp. at the very beginning we must emphasise that there are two kinds of late antique glass lamps with base knob. the irst one is larger and appears earlier, the second one is small and late. Both were used for bronze chandeliers (corona or polycandelon) where conical lamps with or withot knobs were inserted into the circular openings. the knobs can sometimes be a little lattened but they never represent a stabile base for the lamp to stand on a surface free of support. the irst, larger variant of lamps with base knob is known as type uboldi iii.1 (uboldi, 1995, 116–119) or Foy 11 (Foy, 1995, 197) and is dated to the 5th century. one such lamp was found at the early Christian Centre at emona (plesničar-gec, 1983, pl. 29: 4) (ig. 8). the second variant is smaller and less massive with a small base knob. Complete lamps are rarely preserved, for example one from ravenna-Classe (uboldi, 1995, ig. 4: 27) and another one from a grave from obrenovac in serbia (ružić, 1994, pl. Xliii: 11) (ig. 7). this lamp type consists of a conical recipient and a base knob. M. uboldi deined these lamps as her type iii.2. and dated them from the beginning of the 5th and to all of the 6th century (uboldi, 1995, 119–120). d. Foy proposes a different date for the same lamp type. she dates the examples from southern France to the end of the 5th and above all to the beginning of the 6th century (Foy, 1995, 204–206). according to her typology the slovenian pieces belong to her subtype 21b (rodik example, with most probably a bell-shaped recipient) or 21c (emona examples, conical recipients). in some of her articles the author draws attention to uncertain chronologies of some sites in rome – which were used to build uboldi's typology – where the material of the late 5th and 6th century is mixed with late roman inds and where in consequence some inds, among them the glass lamps, could be dated too early (Foy, 1995, 197). Foy's chronology is based on the comparisons between the material of southern and northern France. the vessel shapes and decoration of white threads on beakers, bowls and lamps of the southern material is apparently very similar to and inluenced strongly by the contemporary Merovingian glass production. these northern shapes seem indeed to be the closest comparisons for the lamps in question, also the slovenian examples (Foy, sennequier, 1989, 130–131, no. 422; Maul, 2002). it should also be mentioned that not all lamps necessarily have base knobs, as is shown on an example from Brescia (uboldi, 1998, ig. 6, 8). in that we can compare it to the second fragment from emona (igs. 2, 4). small lamps with base knobs are mostly found in the western Mediterannean; in italy, France, Croatia and also serbia. only few examples can be found in the east, in egypt (karanis, Harden, 1936, pl. Xvi: 466, 467), efes (Czurda-ruth, 2005, ig. 1: 831, 833) and sardis (uboldi, 1995, 120). it seems signiicant that this kind of glass lamps, including the earlier massive variant of the 5th century, is not found in the typologies of the east (Hadad, 1998; olcay, 2001). even in the synthesis of Crowfoot and Harden the authors only mention depictions or much later examples under their type 'with base knob' (Crowfoot, Harden, 1931, 201–202). so it seems this is a western lamp type, apparently under the inluence of the Merovingian glass production. this can be seen in the forms and decoration of the white glass threads, as stressed by d. Foy for the glass material of the southern France between the mid-5th and mid-6th century (Foy, 1995, 217). it is more dificult to classify undecorated examples, such as the slovenian ones, but the similarity of forms is convincing enough. We believe the glass vessels from emona and rodik can quite safely be interpreted as late roman glass lamps. it is interesting that small glass lamps with base knob do not appear on slovenian late antique sites where they would be expected accord- 100 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia ing to their chronology. among the late antique glass material in slovenia we were only able to identify fragments of hanging glass lamps with handles (type isings 134 / uboldi i. 1. / lazar 9. 2. 1.) at the sites of kučar near podzemelj (dular, Ciglenečki, 1995, pl. 79: 1), ajdovski gradec above vranje near sevnica (petru, ulbert, 1975, ig. 27: 40), in koper (Cunja, 1996, pl. 5: 75, 76), kranj (sagadin, 2004, ig. 6: 16) and in the remains of a presbitery of a sacral building at šilentabor (osmuk, 1977, ig. 199: 1–4). also other lamp types which can otherwise be found in both, western and eastern Mediterranean, were not indentiied in slovenia. this is unusual since at least some of these lamp forms can be found in neighbouring countries not far away but they were apparently not imported to this part od the south-eastern alps. on the other hand this uniformity of lamp forms indicates a uniform supply of hanging lamps while the polycandelon chandelier types were perhaps not used in this part of the region. the late lamps with base knob appear after the middle of the 5th and in the 6th century. a few earlier pieces from italy which were mentioned above can be seen as exceptions or, as warned by d. Foy (see above), were found in mixed layers and are thus unreliable. on a large majority of sites which can be dated until the mid5th century we can only ind the earlier massive variants of lamps with base knob (uboldi, 1995, 116–119, type iii.1.; Foy, 1995, 197, type 11) or altogether different glass lamp types. so we must ask ourselves why were these late pieces found on early sites and not on the late ones where we might expect them? there are a few possible explanations. the glass vessels from emona and – less likely because of its wider body – ajdovščina above rodik could also be bases of early balsamaria, even if their glass mass itself renders this explanation unlikely. all three slovenian pieces could be very early representatives of the otherwise late type which arrived at these sites just before they were abandoned and within the frame of a differently organized late roman glass supply. the great changes of the 5th century also inluenced the organisation of glass production and supply in the slovenian territory and we do not know very much about it after the middle of the century. it is obvious that the workshops of the previous period were abandoned or at least ceased to supply the area in question. of the late roman production and supply organisation of the late 5th and later centuries we know very little and even the workshops that were found are not all conirmed (for kranj and invillino see lazar, 2003b, 78–79 and sternini, 1995, 268 respectively). on slovenian late antique settlements we ind only the type of glass lamp which was hanged independently or could stand on its concave beaker-like base. We do not ind traces either of polycandela or of lamps which were used in them. While in the east the late antiquity brought a growing number of glass lamp types, here it seems only one form was used. in our opinion the most probable and the most interesting explanation of the discussed fragments is that these are among the very rare witnesses of a late use of the sites where they were found. the destruction layers in which the lamps were found do not oppose this explanation. only a few other 6th century inds are published from within the walls of roman emona which point to some kind of temporary occupation(s) of the former town (Ciglenečki, 1997, 192). eventhough we can not fully explain their presence at the moment, we hope the discussed glass vessels can - in their small way – lighten the darkness of the late roman emona. 101 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia POVZETEK V insuli 31 v Emoni in na naselbini na Ajdovščini nad Rodikom so bili najdeni odlomki steklenih svetilk s čepkom na dnu. Tovrstne svetilke so datirane v konec 5. oz. večinoma v 6. stoletje, kar se ne ujema z datacijo obeh slovenskih najdišč, ki sta datirani do tridesetih let (Emona) ali največ do sredine 5. stoletja (Rodik). Avtorica predstavi tudi druge možnosti interpretacije obravnavanih steklenih odlomkov, vendar zagovarja njihovo pozno časovno umestitev. Najverjetneje predstavljajo redke priče poznejšega dogajanja na obeh naselbinah. Na najdiščih iz poznega 5. in 6. stoletja pri nas, kjer bi jih lahko pričakovali, pa tovrstne svetilke niso bile najdene. Tu se v glavnem pojavljajo viseče steklene svetilke s pokončnimi ročaji, kot svetila pa so bili lahko uporabljeni tudi kozarci z ali brez noge. Drugih izrazitih tipov steklenih svetilk med objavljenim gradivom nismo zasledili. 102 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia BIBLIOGRAPHY Bierbrauer, V. (1987): invillino-ibligo in Friaul 1. die römische siedlung und das spätantikfrühmittelalterliche Castrum. München, C. H. 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